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Internal Colonization: Russia's Imperial Experience, by Alexander Etkind
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This book gives a radically new reading of Russia’s cultural history. Alexander Etkind traces how the Russian Empire conquered foreign territories and domesticated its own heartlands, thereby colonizing many peoples, Russians included. This vision of colonization as simultaneously internal and external, colonizing one’s own people as well as others, is crucial for scholars of empire, colonialism and globalization.
Starting with the fur trade, which shaped its enormous territory, and ending with Russia’s collapse in 1917, Etkind explores serfdom, the peasant commune, and other institutions of internal colonization. His account brings out the formative role of foreign colonies in Russia, the self-colonizing discourse of Russian classical historiography, and the revolutionary leaders’ illusory hopes for an alliance with the exotic, pacifist sectarians. Transcending the boundaries between history and literature, Etkind examines striking writings about Russia’s imperial experience, from Defoe to Tolstoy and from Gogol to Conrad.
This path-breaking book blends together historical, theoretical and literary analysis in a highly original way. It will be essential reading for students of Russian history and literature and for anyone interested in the literary and cultural aspects of colonization and its aftermath.
- Sales Rank: #1537349 in Books
- Published on: 2011-11-21
- Released on: 2011-10-28
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.05" h x .92" w x 6.05" l, 1.03 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 264 pages
Review
Etkind expands studies of Russia's entangled colonial experience to areas few have reached before, taking us from Leskov's Ladoga to DuBois's Mississipi, from Conrad's Congo to Macaulay's Tweed, from Gandhi's Ganges to Curzon's line. As an example of how to 'conquer foreign territories and domesticate its own heartlands', it remains for us to hope that this book might colonize many people. Russians included.
Cambridge Anthropology
in this clever, wide-ranging book, Alexander Etkind sets out to argue that postcolonial critique is entirely apposite, not just to the Russian empire, but to Russia itself. The insights from postcolonial critique allow us, Etkind argues, to see many familiar issues in a new light and to untangle numerous issues of Russian history and culture. Showing the relevance of Russia to postcolonial theory also provides a way of provincializing western Europe within postcolonial studies.
Slavic Review
The extraordinary breadth of this study will frustrate some historians... Most readers,however, will be inspired and delighted by Etkind's innovative return to major episodes abd figures in history and culture and will be informed by his perspective on the importance of the empire in Russia's pastThe American Historical Review
"Thought provoking, at times arguably paradigm shifting"
Slavic and Eastern European Journal
"Internal Colonization might be said to inject postcolonial theory into Russian studies. This, however, would be to understate the case. Russia, in Etkind's account, is no mere latecomer to the postcolonial feast: in so many ways, it got there first. Etkind has confirmed what Russianists have suspected for a while without quite being able to prove the point: that Russia's peculiarly vocal subalterns have at least as much to bring to 'Western' cultural theory as they stand to gain from it."
Times Literary Supplement
"The cumulative power of Etkind's argument constitutes an impressive scholarly achievement, offering a coherent yet richly detailed account of Russia's centuries-long experience of internal colonisation."
Times Higher Education
"A coherent and cogent, as well as an original and witty investigation … the text itself teems with intriguing Tristram Shandean excursions."
Journal of European Studies
"Etkind highlights what is at the core of the Russian Empire building process. Beyond objective specific facts [Etkind] goes deep into Russian history and culture to emphasize and explain the heuristic idea 'how to colonize oneself'."
The Global Journal
"A thought-provoking work of scholarship that will inspire both controversies and useful new approaches to Russian history and culture: to paraphrase Levi-Strauss, it is good to think with."
The Russian Review
"A gripping read. Etkind combines an energetic pace with a multitude of sources … Etkind has succeeded in presenting an entirely readable text that will appeal to anyone interested in Russian imperial history, Russian literature, or the literature and culture of a colonial and postcolonial society."
Melbourne Historical Journal
"A fresh and entertaining work that is beautifully written … Etkind persuasively demonstrates that post-Soviet postcolonial studies should shift their focus from chasing the unresolvable historical justice to pursuing original, creative and challenging research to support competennt discussion of the controversial issues."
Ideology and Politics
"Not only useful but also very enjoyable...It is safe to consider this as one of the best books of 2011 in its category and it will definitely have an impact on Russian studies for many years to come."
Journal of Eurasian Studies
"An exhaustingly original book, beautifully written and crafted so as to be eminently quotable. It will stand for decades to come as the central volume in the larger debates on empire."
Nancy Condee, University of Pittsburgh
"An erudite and incisive interpretation of Russian history and culture. Indeed, one of the great virtues of this book is its sweeping range, covering several centuries of history and culture. It is well-known that Russia was a great and expansive empire. Etkind provides a striking new lens for seeing Russian culture and history, one that stresses the enduring process of internal colonization. Beyond scholars of Russia, this book should appeal to those interested in questions of colonialism and post-colonialism and in issues of comparative empire."
Peter Holquist, University of Pennsylvania
"Combining literary and historiographical evidence, Alexander Etkind elucidates the processes of 'self-' or 'internal colonization' the Russian imperial state carried out in its heartland in tandem with colonizing practices deployed in its farthest corners. With wit and erudition, Internal Colonization provides an original and fascinating account of Orientalism's genealogies, the complexity of its global enactments, and the fantasia of its imperial, 'self-colonizing' logic on the newly-illuminated stage of the Second World."
Nancy Ruttenburg, Stanford Center for the Study of the Novel
Most helpful customer reviews
6 of 9 people found the following review helpful.
The Times Higher Education, 26.01.12
By A. Etkind
The phrases "internal colonisation" and "self-colonisation" have, through overuse, become associated with political correctness. Russia has long been both subject and object of colonisation. Alexander Etkind's book reinvigorates these tired terms, offering a compelling analysis of Russian history and culture until 1917. The country's efforts to colonise its own heartlands and peoples matched, and perhaps exceeded, its pursuit of colonisation along more traditionally imperial avenues. This book's 12 chapters, ranging from literary and cultural explorations to a study of Russia's fur trade, vividly delineate this process. Moreover, as Etkind notes, "an interesting measure, the sum total of square kilometers that an empire controlled each year over the centuries, shows that the Russian Empire was the largest in space and the most durable in time of all historical empires, covering 65 million square kilometer-years for Muskovy/Russia/Soviet Union versus 45 million for the British Empire and 30 million for the Roman Empire".
In stressing Russia's liminal location between West and East, Etkind focuses on cultural hybridisation. He frames his necessary, critical yet admiring engagement with Edward Said by interpreting the Palestinian-American intellectual as someone torn between the beliefs of his pro-Nasser mother and his uncle, Charles Malik, the pro-democratic Lebanese statesman.
Etkind's literary-cultural interpretations of writers such as Daniel Defoe, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Fyodor Dostoevsky and Rudyard Kipling are clever and engaging, especially his readings of two "river" novels, Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness and Nikolai Leskov's The Enchanted Pilgrim. Nikolai Gogol's canonic story, The Nose, illustrates internal colonisation. When Kovalev discovers that his nose has vanished, a parable about the part and the whole ensues: "When in its proper place, the nose is just a little part of Kovalev's wholeness...As long as the part is the slave of the whole, the order is safe."
Central to Etkind's understanding of Russia's internal colonisation is the fur trade. "Man-made migrations of small, wild, furry animals defined the expansion of Russia. Winter roads, trade stations, and militarized storehouses for fur spanned across Eurasia, playing roles that were not dissimilar from the Great Silk Route in medieval Asia. Ecologically, colonization also meant deforestation." Following the historian Afanasy Shchapov, Etkind argues that it was not the sword but the axe that moved Russia's colonisation. Even more important were the bow and the trap. The fur trade reduced many tribes nearly to extinction, and "in some cases the population- loss went so deep and happened so quickly that it is proper to speak of genocide". Etkind argues that no other quest for any single commodity has "been so well forgotten in the history of human suffering". Now the same lands play a similar role in the quest for natural gas and oil; primary pipelines follow the old fur trade routes.
Etkind also devotes significant time to Peter the Great, maintaining that his brand of colonisation was more about population than about territory. "Having its colonies inside itself, Peter's Empire did not bother about tariffs, piracy, and trade surplus, the concerns of the mercantilist Europe." Russia thus colonised itself. "Russian museums document a full break between the imperial culture and the pre-Petrine past. Leaving the rooms of 'icons' and entering the wing of 'Russian art,' one feels the same rupture as when moving from a section of native art into the imperial section in any colonial museum in America, Australia, or India."
Surprisingly, Etkind concludes that Russian literature was "the most successful institution of cultural hegemony in the Russian Empire". (He perhaps underemphasises the strong influence of the West here.) Specialists may have their quibbles, but the cumulative power of Etkind's argument constitutes an impressive scholarly achievement, offering a coherent yet richly detailed account of Russia's centuries-long experience of internal colonisation.
Robin Feuer Miller
Edytha Macy Gross professor of humanities, Brandeis University. She is author of Dostoevsky's Unfinished Journey (2007) and The Brothers Karamazov: Worlds of the Novel (2008).
2 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Not an academice work.
By Anton Tomsinov
Unresearched, full of groundless generalizations. Lack of proper sources is concealed here by vague ideas and citations from fiction, that prove nothing. Attempt to make comparisons with modern world smell like bad journalism rather than justified analysis.
14 of 26 people found the following review helpful.
A Major Disappointment
By Elizabeth Mates
Names and generalizations are spun around and around for many pages, but the core of the book which should have been on internal colonization of the Russian territory is mostly missing. Even when the fur trade is discussed, there are no maps showing major fur trading posts. Neither are there graphs with data showing or even adequate discussion in a clear manner of which furs when and in chronological order, how many, how many involved, etc. Tucked in on page 75 is the statement that "hunting and trapping are intrinsically violent." Does the author think the reader does not know that? It is also stated on page 76 that "Swedes and Poles...Tatars and Jews" were involved in the trade and merchandizing of the furs. Does the author realize that Poland was controlled by the Russians at this time and Swedes lived along the border areas with Russia? Why mention Tatars and Jews as being merchants? Ethnicity only proves that people needed the warmth and the income from the furs. On the topic of internal migration of the great Russian landmasses very little is said and no facts are given for exactly which areas were settled first and when. Once again maps, graphs and concrete facts are necessary.
Etkind, in his giving forth of generalizations, will mix up time periods without references to political realities of the time. 1883, 1886 and then 1912--but 1912 policies reflect a different political situation than 1883. Etkind also takes as fact the "Potemkin Villages"--facades he says, not actual villages. The villages were actual villages built in record time and the facade-theory was put forth by Potemkin's enemies.
Etkind's theory of government permeates the book: all governments are violent and his economic theories can be questioned. He does not seem to understand that Russia's agricultural production is limited by geographical considerations. Internal colonization, but virtually no mention of soil types and climate,etc. I could go on and on.....It is time for a great book on Russian internal migration and colonization. This is not that book.
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